主谓一致,顾名思义,指的是主语与谓语的一致。那么,哪些方面主语和谓语应保持一致呢?归纳起来,有三种情况,即语法形式上、语词意义上和就近关系上。
主语和谓语在语法形式上一致这种情况下,句中作主语的词若是单数形式,谓语动词则用单数形式;若主语是复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。主语用单(复)数形式,谓语动词也用单(复)数形式。
例:The results of the exam show that you have all made good progress. 考试的结果表明,你们都进步很大。
The content of his book is very good. 他那本书的内容很好。
We all like football. 我们都喜欢足球。
主语中有and 连接词时,谓语动词多用复数。但如果主语表示抽象整体概念或表示一个单一的概念时,谓语动词则要用单数。
例:The singer and the dancer have come to the meeting. 那个歌手和那舞蹈演员已经到了会场。(主语表示两个人)
The singer and dancer has come to the meeting. 既是歌手又是舞蹈演员的那个人已经到了会场。(主语表示一个人)
When and where to build a new school is not decided. 什么时候在什么地方建一所新学校还未定下来。(when and where表抽象整体概念)
若主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, no less than, including, like, but, except 等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数。
例:An expert together with two assistants was sent to the factory. 派了一个专家和两个助手去那个厂。
Mary, like Lily, was late. 玛丽像莉莉一样也迟到了。
主语是动名词、不定式或从句时作单数看待,谓语动词用单数。
例:Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟有害健康。
To grow vegetables needs constant watering. 种菜需要常浇水。
What he said sounds reasonable. 他说的话听起来有道理。
主语是each, neither, either, 或由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词时看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例:Each of us has a new bike. 我们每个人都有新单车。
Is everybody here? 大家都到齐了吗?
Nobody knows who he is. 没人知道他是谁。
主语和谓语在语词意义上一致此时的主谓一致指的是,谓语动词用单数还是用复数不是由主语的形式决定,而是由主语表达的意义决定。 any,all,most,more,none,what,who,which等代词作主语时,可以表示单数,也可以表示复数,主要由意思确定:
例:Which is your book? 哪本是你的书?
Which are your books? 哪几本是你们的书?
Here is some more.这里还有一点。(指不可数的东西)
Here are some more. 这里还有一些。(指可数的东西)
None of the books are easy enough for me. 这些书全都太难,不适合我的水平。
None of us has got a car. 我们中间没有一个人有汽车。
主语是people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽)等集体名词时,其形式是单数,但意义上表示复数,谓语动词应用复数。
例:The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他。
Cattle feed on grass. 牛以草为食。
有些集体名词,如:public, family, audience, class, population, company, group, government等词,作主语时既可表示单数意,又可表复数意。若其强调一个整体,谓语动词用单数;若强调整体中的个体,则谓语动词用复数。
例:My family is a large one. 我家是个大家庭。
My family are all music lovers. 我们家个个喜欢音乐。
主语是单复数同形的名词时,如works, sheep, means, deer 等,谓语动词用单数还是复数要根据意思决定。但news只作单数用。
例:Each possible means has been tried. 每一种可能的方法都试过。
All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的方法都试过。
Good news goes on crutches, bad news files apace.好事不出门,坏事传千里。
表示数量、重量、度量、时间、距离、价格的复数名词作主语时,一般作整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式。
例:Two weeks is allowed for you to prepare. 给你两周的时间作准备。
Ten kilometers is not a long distance. 十公里不是很长的路程。
有些形容词与the连用表复数意义,谓语动词用复数。
例:The Chinese are brave and diligent. 中国人勤劳勇敢。
The rich always look down upon the poor. 富人通常看不起穷人。
有些国名、人名、书刊名、学科名、组织名称等专有名词虽然是复数形式,但其做主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。
例:The United Nations was found in 1945. 联合国于1945年成立。
Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一门很有趣的学科。
不可数名词做主语时,如果前面有表示数量的可数名词,谓语动词用复数。
例:Three million tons of coal were exported that year. 那年出口了三百万吨煤。
谓语和就近的主语一致句子中有两个或两个以上主语时,谓语的单复数形式由与之邻近的主语决定。主语由or, either…or, not only…but also, 或neither...nor 连接时,谓语动词与其邻近的主语的数保持一致。
例:Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他做这项工作。
She or her children are coming to help you. 她或她的孩子们会来帮你。
Neither you nor I am able to persuade her. 你和我都没有办法说服她。
在由there 或 here 引起的倒装句中,谓语动词通常也和最邻近的主语保持数的一致。
例:Here is a pen, two envelopes and some paper for you.
There are four chairs, a table and a bed in the room.
注:生活中,这种受邻近词影响的情况越来越常见了。
例:Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
Is your sister and her husband coming to join us?
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